In the ensuing Cold War, the two sides clashed indirectly in proxy wars. Under the 1992 Lisbon Protocol, Russia also agreed to receive all nuclear weapons remaining in the territory of other former Soviet republics. The By 1921, Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin realized that capitalism had stabilized itself in Europe and there would not be any widespread revolutions anytime soon.

Celui-ci fait un jour une remarque à Paul McCartney : « Tu ne crois pas qu'il serait plutôt amusant de faire une version soviétique de Back in the U.S.A. ? In the late 1950s, a confrontation with China regarding the Soviet rapprochement with the West, and what Mao Zedong perceived as Khrushchev's revisionism, led to the Sino–Soviet split. By the fall, Gorbachev could no longer influence events outside Moscow, and he was being challenged even there by Yeltsin, who had been elected President of Russia in July 1991. The same year, a Closer cooperation between the USSR and the West developed in the early 1930s. 81–104 His face looks like a flag of the USSR. Approximately 2.8 million Soviet POWs died of starvation, mistreatment, or executions in just eight months of 1941–42. This conflict ended with a decisive Soviet victory, contributing to the unconditional surrender of Japan and the end of World War II. Similarly, Russia's post-war position in Europe will be a dominant one. The economic shocks that accompanied wholesale privatization were associated with sharp increases in mortality. Gorbachev resigned as general secretary in late August, and soon afterwards, the party's activities were indefinitely suspended—effectively ending its rule. For other uses, see Later renamed the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1918) and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1936).American historian J. Arch Getty concludes: "Many who lauded Stalin's Soviet Union as the most democratic country on earth lived to regret their words. Without a mutually agreeable successor, the highest Communist Party officials initially opted to rule the Soviet Union jointly through a troika headed by Georgy Malenkov. In 1968, the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact allies invaded Czechoslovakia to halt the Prague Spring reforms. This conflict ended with a decisive Soviet victory, contributing to the unconditional surrender of Japan and the end of World War II. From 1932 to 1934, the country participated in the World Disarmament Conference. At the same time, the Soviet republics started legal moves towards potentially declaring The remaining 12 republics continued discussing new, increasingly looser, models of the Union.

During the war, the country together with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered the Big Four Allied powers, and later became the Four Policemen that formed the basis of the United Nations Security Council. An intensive restructuring of the economy, industry and politics of the country began in the early days of Soviet power in 1917. In the following decades, only five or six of the post-communist states are on a path to joining the wealthy capitalist West while most are falling behind, some to such an extent that it will take over fifty years to catch up to where they were before the fall of the Soviet Bloc. During the first five-year plan in 1928, Stalin proceeded to industrialize the country at all costs. The debate over the future of the economy provided the background for a power struggle in the years after Lenin's death in 1924. Without a mutually agreeable successor, the highest Communist Party officials initially opted to rule the Soviet Union jointly through a troika headed by Georgy Malenkov.

Famines ensued as a result, causing deaths estimated at three to seven million; surviving kulaks were persecuted, and many were sent to Gulags to do forced labor.

Data shows Russia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia saw a tripling of unemployment and a 42% increase in male death rates between 1991 and 1994. He made significant changes in the economy and party leadership, called At the same time, the Soviet republics started legal moves towards potentially declaring sovereignty over their territories, citing the freedom to secede in Article 72 of the USSR constitution. Soviet Russia had to resolve similar conflicts with the newly established republics of Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Lithuania. Penguin, 2009.Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; p.494"

The Battle of Stalingrad, which lasted from late 1942 to early 1943, dealt a severe blow to Germany from which they never fully recovered and became a turning point in the war. An intensive restructuring of the economy, industry and politics of the country began in the early days of Soviet power in 1917. This period is also known as the Era of Stagnation, a period of adverse economic, political, and social effects in the country, which began during the rule of Brezhnev and continued under his successors Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko. On 8 December 1991, the presidents of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus (formerly Byelorussia), signed the Belavezha Accords, which declared the Soviet Union dissolved and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place. Although on 14 February 1992 Russia and other former Soviet republics signed agreement "On the return of cultural and historic property to the origin states" in There are additionally four states that claim independence from the other internationally recognised post-Soviet states but During his rule, Stalin always made the final policy decisions. Lenin wanted art to be accessible to the Russian people. The two countries concluded the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and the German–Soviet Commercial Agreement in August 1939. Following the ousting of Khrushchev, another period of collective leadership ensued, consisting of Leonid Brezhnev as General Secretary, Alexei Kosygin as Premier and Nikolai Podgorny as Chairman of the Presidium, lasting until Brezhnev established himself in the early 1970s as the preeminent Soviet leader.